Below is the current Copyright Policy of 51福利社. All faculty, staff, and students are required to abide by this policy.
Policy
It is the intent of 51福利社 that all members of the University community comply with the provisions of the United States Copyright Law. This Copyright policy serves to uphold the University鈥檚 commitment to protecting the principles of intellectual property, as well as, protect the rights of its faculty to make appropriate use of copyrighted works for acceptable educational purposes.听 This policy applies to all University faculty, staff, and students who wish to make use of copyrighted works, whether in print, electronic, or other form.听 Implicit in this policy is the 鈥淔air Use Act鈥 which applies across the board to uses in the traditional classroom environment and the TEACH Act which is an exception to the 鈥淔air Use Act鈥 for distance learning.
For this policy to be in effect, by law, all faculty members must be knowledgeable of this policy and they, in turn, must inform the students in their classes of this policy.
The Law
What Is Copyright?
As defined by the United States Government, copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U. S. Code) to the authors of 鈥渙riginal works of authorship,鈥 including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act generally gives the owner of a copyright the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do the following:
Reproduce the work in copies or phonorecords (i.e. The media on which sound can be recorded, such as a compact disc)听
Prepare derivative works based upon the work
Distribute copies or phonorecords of the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending
Perform the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works
Display the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work
Perform the work publicly (in the case of sound recordings*) by means of a digital audio transmission
What is protected by Copyright Law?
Copyright law requires that in order for a work to be protected, it must be "in a fixed medium of tangible expression." This means that the work must be written down or recorded in some way.
Examples of works protected by copyright are as follows:
books
journal articles
films/videos
poetry
art
music
musical performances
software
photographs
Exceptions and Limitations
As with many statutes, there are exceptions and limitations provided for those circumstances that do not fit the situation.听 The following exceptions apply to the copyright act:
Fair use in section 107;
Performances and displays in face-to-face teaching in section 110(1);
Distance learning in sections 110(1) and 112(f);
First sale in section 109;
Reproduction by libraries and archives in section 108;
Limitations on liability for digital network service providers in section 512.
The two exceptions that are most important to Lindenwood are the fair use exception and the distance learning exception.听 They will be detailed relative to their scope and use.
What is not protected by Copyright Law?
Copyright law does not protect works that are not 鈥渇ixed in a medium of tangible expression.鈥澨 听For example, ideas or concepts that are not 鈥渇ixed in a medium of tangible expression鈥 will not be protected.听 Another instance where a work will not be protected is those works that are considered public domain. Examples of works in the public domain include:
Works no longer covered by copyright
Government documents
What is Not protected by Copyright?
Copyright law does not protect works that are not 鈥渇ixed in a medium of tangible expression.鈥澨 听For example, ideas or concepts that are not 鈥渇ixed in a medium of tangible expression鈥 will not be protected.听 Another instance where a work will not be protected is those works that are considered public domain. Examples of works in the public domain include:
Works no longer covered by copyright
Government documents
The Exceptions
The Fair Use exception
Fair use is specified in section 107 of Title 17 of the U.S. Code. It states:
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106a, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use听made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors听to be considered shall include:
- The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
- The nature of the copyrighted work
- The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole
- The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.
Fair Use Determination
Fair use is an ambiguous concept and the law does not state exactly what uses of a copyrighted work will be considered fair uses under the law and may therefore be used without obtaining permission. As such, individuals who are not lawyers may often need to be interpreters of the law in everyday circumstances, and answers as to how much reproduction may be considered fair use often remain unclear. The bottom line is that fair use requires a very circumstance-specific analysis as to whether a particular use or reuse of a work may indeed be considered fair use.
To avoid confusion and minimize the risk of copyright infringement, 51福利社 interprets the following situations as fair use:
- Quotation of short passages in a scholarly or technical work for illustration or clarification of the author's observations.
- Reproduction of material for classroom use where the reproduction is unexpected and spontaneous 鈥 for example, where an article in the morning's paper is directly relevant to that day's class topic. This would generally cover one time use in only one semester.
- Use in a parody of short portions of the work itself.
- A summary of an address or article, which may include quotations of short passages of the copyright-protected work.
If your use does not meet the above criteria and the work is protected by copyright, you probably need to obtain permission to use the work from the copyright holder or its agent.
The TEACH Act exception
The 鈥淭echnology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization Act鈥 (Teach Act) was enacted in 2002.听 The law was passed as amendment to section 110 (2) of the Copyright Act in an effort to address copyright protections in a distance learning environment.听 The revisions made by the TEACH Act allow for the digital transmission of materials for use in an online course provided they meet certain requirements.听 While certain institutional requirements need to be met to fall under the TEACH Act requirements, it is the responsibility of the instructor to ensure criteria are met.
The 51福利社 policy relative to the TEACH ACT requires all materials used in online courses be embedded in a course shell, thus limiting access to the materials to just those students enrolled in the class.听 The limited access is controlled via passwords.听 Course work cannot be placed on McGraw Hill鈥檚 Connect function, on any other publisher鈥檚 platform, or on an individual web page.
If an instructor wishes to present works through digital transmission for instructional purposes, he or she must adhere to the following requirements pursuant to the TEACH Act:
- Avoid use of commercial works that are sold or licensed for purposes of digital distance education.
- Avoid use of pirated works, or works where you otherwise have reason to know the copy was not lawfully made.
- Generally limit use of works to an amount and duration comparable to what would be displayed or performed in a live physical classroom setting. The TEACH Act does not authorize the digital transmission of textbooks or course packs to students.
- Supervise the digital performance or display, make it an integral part of a class session, and make it part of a systematic mediated instructional activity. In other words, the faculty should interactively use the copyrighted work as part of a class assignment in the distance education course. It should not be an entertainment add-on or passive background or optional reading.
- Use software tools and ensure password protection to limit access to the works to students enrolled in the course, to prevent downstream copying by those students, and to prevent the students from retaining the works for longer than a "class session."
- Notify the students that the works may be subject to copyright protection and that they may not violate the legal rights of the copyright holder.
Any time limitations imposed by the TEACH Act are imposed upon student retention.听 51福利社 is allowed to make archive copies to be stored on its own servers.
TEACH Act Determination
Since the TEACH Act has its basis in distance education programs, e.g. online learning, the instructor preparing the material for use in the course must adhere to the following guidelines:
- The performance or display must be under the supervision of the instructor
- The materials in the course are transmitted as part of a mediated instructional activity
- The copyrighted materials are directly related to the content of the course being taught.
Obtaining Copyright Permission
Copyright Permission:
- Is not necessary if the material being used is in the public domain (see Appendix 1),
- May be available through a licensing agency,
- May be available by contacting the owner of the materials.
Permission to use copyright-protected materials, when required, should be obtained prior to using those materials. It is best to obtain permission in writing (including e-mail) and to ensure that the Dean of University Library Services has a copy of each permission form or letter.
Permission is required to use copyrighted materials contained in a textbook when used in a Power Point presentation, in any online usage or other manner.听 Start with the sales representative for the publishing company to get that permission.听 That person has access to the Rights and Permissions Departments within the publishing company.听 A determination can be made if copyright permission is necessary.听 Typically if the publisher obtained graphics through a subscription, no permission is required.听 If the publisher obtained graphics through a license, then permissions are required specific to that textbook.
All costs associated with obtaining copyright permissions will be borne by the person requesting the permissions.听 The University bears no responsibility in this matter and is not liable for any infringements.
The time to obtain permission may vary. It is recommended to start the process at least six months prior to the time the materials are needed. If permission needs to be expedited, contact the . It is a direct, one-stop resource for obtaining copyright permission.
Fact Finding Questions
Once you have identified the materials you want to use and determined that copyright permission is required, you must locate the copyright holder. If the copyright holder is not listed on the work, locating the appropriate person or entity to grant permission may take some investigative and creative work.
The Copyright Office of the Library of Congress (www.loc.gov) may be of assistance in locating a copyright owner if the work is registered. Note, however, that copyright is automatically granted to all works upon their being written down and that registration with the Copyright Office is not required.
There are two primary options for obtaining permission to use the work:
The copyright holder directly
Contact the and create an account.
Information in your Permission Request
The copyright holder or its agent will require the following information in order to provide you with permission:
- Title of the material
- Creator/author of the material
- Publisher of the material
- Description of material
- ISBN or ISSN, if applicable
- Date of publication, if applicable
- Purpose for which you wish to reproduce the item (research, commercial, educational, etc.)听听听听
- How the material is to be reproduced (e.g., photocopied, digitized)
- Where the reproduced material will be used or will appear and for how long
Permission dead-end
There may be cases where faculty members are unable to obtain permission to use copyrighted materials for a variety of reasons.听 Options to deal with this situation include the following:
- Reconsider the fair use,
- Use alternative materials,
- Alter planned use
Consequences of Copyright Infringement
Infringement of copyright law is a federal offense. Violation of copyright law can result in fines that range from $200 to $150,000 per infringement and/or prison.
51福利社 faculty are responsible for complying with copyright law, and for making a good faith determination of whether an intended use falls within the fair use exemption.听 51福利社 will not assume legal responsibility for faculty members who fail to make a good faith determination or otherwise do not comply with 51福利社 copyright policy or copyright law.
Faculty are responsible for reviewing and vetting their course content for copyright compliance; if asking other staff to process the content, faculty should be able to provide evidence of either copyright compliance or a good faith determination.
Appendix 1: Types of Fair Use
Single Copying for Teachers
A single copy may be made of any of the following by or for a teacher at his or her individual request for his or her scholarly research or use in teaching or preparation to teach a class:
- A chapter from a book
- An article from a periodical or newspaper
- A short story, short essay or short poem, whether or not from a collective work
- A chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon or picture from a book, periodical, or newspaper
Multiple Copies for Classroom Use
Multiple copies (not to exceed in any event more than one copy per student in a course) may be made by or for the teacher giving the course for classroom use or discussion; provided that:
- The copying meets the tests of brevity and spontaneity as defined below;
- meets the cumulative effect test as defined below; and
- each copy includes a notice of copyright
The听Library supports a course reserves collection made up of materials chosen by faculty to support the instructional requirements of specific courses.
The Library鈥檚 policy for providing access to copyright-protected materials through course reserves is based on the fair use provisions of United States Copyright Act of 1976 (Title 17 of the United States Code). Section 107 of the Copyright Act allows the fair use of copyrighted materials for teaching, scholarship, and research. Reproduction of these materials does not require the payment of a royalty or the permission of the copyright owners, provided that the circumstances of the use are fair use as determined by a consideration the four factors specified in section 107, which include:
- The purpose and character of the use, whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
- The nature of the copyrighted work
- The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole
- The effect and use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work
The library expects that faculty be diligent in their assessment of whether or not use of a reproduction is considered fair use. If the materials are not determined to be fair use, faculty must get permission of the copyright holder before asking the library to place it on reserve.
All articles, chapters and other individual works in any print or electronic coursepack require copyright permission. Copyright permission for coursepacks is usually granted for the academic period. To reuse a coursepack in subsequent academic periods, permission must be granted for each use.听 Many copyright holders provide time-sensitive permission because their own rights may be time-sensitive and could be transferred to different copyright holders at any time.
Web Copyright Policy
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Copyright Law
As defined by the United States Government, copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U. S. Code) to the authors of 鈥渙riginal works of authorship,鈥 including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act generally gives the owner of a copyright the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do the following:
- Reproduce the work in copies or phono records (i.e. the media on which sound can be recorded, such as a compact disc, mp3 file)听
- Prepare derivative works based upon the work
- Distribute copies or phonorecords of the work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending
- Perform the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works
- Display the work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work
- Perform the work publicly (in the case of sound recordings*) by means of a digital audio transmission
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What is protected by Copyright Law?
Copyright law requires that in order for a work to be protected, it must be "in a fixed medium of tangible expression." This means that the work must be written down or recorded in some way.
Examples of works protected by copyright are as follows:
- books
- journal articles
- films/videos
- poetry
- art
- music
- musical performances
- software
- photographs
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Fair Use
Fair use is specified in section 107 of Title 17 of the U.S. Code. It states the following:
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106a, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use听made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors
to be considered shall include:- The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
- The nature of the copyrighted work
- The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole
- The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.
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Posting Material on the Open Web
In order to protect the University from the risk of lawsuits due to copyright infringement, material posted on the University or University-affiliated websites must either be granted copyright permission, be in the public domain, or be a good case for fair use.听
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Posting Material on Class Websites
Please see the Lindenwood Electronic Reserve Policy for information.
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Who holds the copyright?
- Student work: Students hold the copyright for all original academic work, in whatever medium.
- Faculty work: Faculty members hold the copyright for all original academic work, unless they have assigned it to publishers in the course of publication. Work written for governance committees and other institutional service is usually considered to be under the copyright of the 51福利社. Work on student evaluations falls under FERPA, the Federal Educational Records Privacy Act.
- Staff work: Work by staff and administrators written in the performance of their duties falls under the copyright of 51福利社. Work for hire done by consultants and photographers usually falls under the copyright of 51福利社, but is specified in their individual contracts.
- Published work: Historically, published work is copyrighted by the publisher, although more recently negotiated licenses may reserve more rights to the author.听听licenses grant copyright permission in certain circumstances, typically for scholarly but not commercial use.听
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Sources for Non-Copyrighted Material
One strategy for putting material on the open web would be to use non-copyrighted material. Here are some ideas for these:
- Works published in the U.S. before 1923 are no longer protected by copyright.
- U.S. Government publications are not copyrighted.
- Source for听听specifically for use when creating videos.
- Sources for
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More information about Copyright
- Library of Congress听听A great site; provides all you ever wanted to know about copyright.
Definitions
Brevity
- Poetry: (a) A complete poem if less than 250 words and if printed on not more than two pages or, (b) from a longer poem, an excerpt of not more than 250 words.
- Prose: (a) Either a complete article, story or essay of less than 2,500 words, or (b) an excerpt from any prose work if not more than 1,000 words or 10% of the work, whichever is less, but in any event a minimum of 500 words.
- [Each of the numerical limits stated above may be expanded to permit the completion of an unfinished line of a poem or of an unfinished prose paragraph.]
- Illustration: One chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon or picture per book or per periodical issue.
- 鈥淪pecial鈥 works: Certain works in poetry, prose or in 鈥減oetic prose鈥 which often combine language with illustrations and which are intended sometimes for children and at other times for a more general audience fall short of 2,500 words in their entirety. Except as set forth above, such 鈥渟pecial works鈥 may not be reproduced in their entirety; however, an excerpt comprising not more than two of the published pages of such special work and containing not more than ten percent of the words found in the text thereof, may be reproduced.
- The copying is at the instance and inspiration of the individual instructor
- The inspiration and decision to use the work and the moment of its use for maximum teaching effectiveness are so close in time that it would be unreasonable to expect a timely reply to a request for permission.
- The copying of the material is for only one course in the school in which the copies are made.
- Not more than one short poem, article, story, essay or two excerpts may be copied from the same author, nor more than three from the same collective work or periodical volume during one class term.
- There shall not be more than nine instances of such multiple copying for one course during one class term.
- [The limitations stated in above shall not apply to current news periodicals and newspapers and current news sections of other periodicals.]
As defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Public Domain is 鈥渢he realm embracing property rights that belong to the community at large, are unprotected by copyright or patent, and are subject to appropriation by anyone.鈥
Notwithstanding any of the above, the following shall be prohibited:
- Copying shall not be used to create or to replace or substitute for anthologies, compilations or collective works. Such replacement or substitution may occur when copies of various works or excerpts therefrom are accumulated or reproduced and used separately.
- There shall be no copying of, or from, works intended to be 鈥渃onsumable鈥 in the course of study or of teaching. These include workbooks, exercises, standardized tests and test booklets and answer sheets and like consumable material.
Copying shall not:
- substitute for the purchase of books, publishers鈥 reprints or periodicals
- be directed by higher authority
- be repeated with respect to the same item by the same teacher from term to term
- be charged to the student beyond the actual cost of the photocopying
Typical Uses at Lindenwood
PowerPoints:听 Many 51福利社 faculty members have been provided with a DVD from the publisher of their textbook that contains PowerPoint lectures and graphics. Some of those DVDs contain copyright information, others do not.听 As long as the faculty member is using the textbook from that publisher, the use of the copyrighted materials on those DVDs is acceptable within the fair use guidelines for nonprofit educational purposes.听 If the faculty member changes textbooks, then permission must be obtained from the publisher for previous versions.
The PowerPoints must be available to only the students of the applicable course.听 This mandates that they either be handed out to the students by the faculty member, or are posted in digital format in a location that is password protected.听 Students may download PowerPoint lectures that have been posted and use them for note taking, etc.听 Students may not distribute copies of the PowerPoints.
Captured Lectures:听听 Faculty members may make videos of their lectures that contain copyrighted materials.听 Those videos must be available to only the students of the applicable course and for a time period not to exceed the semester or term.听 Students may download podcasts of the lectures and use them as a study guide.听 However, they may not distribute copies of the video.
Streaming Video Policy
- Classroom Use:
Streaming a video for educational purposes in a physical classroom setting, with students and faculty present, falls under fair use. - Limited Online Access:
Streaming a video on a password-protected learning management system (e.g., Canvas) for enrolled students only is considered fair use. This is comparable to checking out a video from course reserves. - Public Streaming:
Making a video available for unrestricted public viewing is not covered by fair use. This requires explicit permission from the copyright holder, typically in the form of a public performance license. - Original Content:
Faculty members or students may freely stream their own original video content, as they hold the copyright. - Copyright Compliance:
For more comprehensive information on copyright law and its application to web content, please refer to our Web Copyright Policy.
Appendix 2: Fair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia
The following guidelines provide direction for the use, without permission, of lawfully acquired copyrighted works, and apply to educational multimedia projects that incorporate educator鈥檚 original material with various copyrighted media formats, such as film, music, text, and illustrations.听 They are based on the non-legislative report that was adopted by the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives on September 27, 1996, and related to Fair Use Guidelines for Educational Multimedia.
The report explicitly states that, 鈥淲hile only the courts can authoritatively determine whether a particular use is fair use, these guidelines represent the consensus of the [contributors to this report] conditions under which fair use should generally apply and examples of when permission is required. Uses that exceed these guidelines may or may not be fair use. The [contributors to this report] also agree that the more one exceeds these guidelines, the greater the risk that fair use does not apply.鈥
The points below represent guidelines as identified in the document cited above regarding the preparation of educational multimedia projects using portions of copyrighted works; the permitted uses of educational multimedia projects; limitations 鈥 time, portion, copying, and distribution; and examples of when permission is required.
Preparation of educational multimedia projects using portions of copyrighted works
These uses are subject to the Limitations section listed below, and should include proper attribution and citation.
By Students
Students may incorporate portions of lawfully acquired copyrighted works when producing their own educational multimedia projects for a specific course.
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By Educators for Curriculum-Based Instruction
Educators may incorporate portions of lawfully acquired copyrighted works when producing their own educational multimedia projects for their own teaching tools in support of curriculum-based instructional activities at educational institutions.
Permitted uses of educational multimedia projects
Uses of educational multimedia projects are defined below.
Student Use
Students may perform and display their own educational multimedia projects for educational uses in the course for which they were created and may use them in their own portfolios as examples of their academic work for later personal uses such as job and graduate school interviews.
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Educator Use for Curriculum-Based Instruction
Educators may perform and display their own educational multimedia projects for curriculum-based instruction to students in the following situations:
- face-to-face instruction,
- assigned to students for directed self-study
- for remote instruction to students enrolled in curriculum-based courses and located at remote sites, provided over the educational institution's secure electronic network in real-time, or for after class review or directed self-study, provided there are technological limitations on access to the network and educational multimedia project (such as a password or PIN) and provided further that the technology prevents the making of copies of copyrighted material.
- If the educational institution's network or technology used to access the educational multimedia project prevents duplication of copyrighted material, students or educators may use the multimedia educational projects over an otherwise secure network for a period of only 15 days after its initial real-time remote use in the course of instruction or 15 days after its assignment for directed self-study. After that period, one of the two use copies of the educational multimedia project may be placed on reserve in a learning resource center, library or similar facility for on-site use by students enrolled in the course. Students shall be advised that they are not permitted to make their own copies of the educational multimedia project.
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Educator Use for Peer Conferences
Educators may perform or display their own educational multimedia projects in presentations to their peers, for example, at workshops and conferences.
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Educator Use for Professional Portfolio
Educators may retain educational multimedia projects in their personal portfolios for later personal uses such as tenure review or job interviews.
Limitations 鈥 time, portion, copying, and distribution
The preparation of educational multimedia projects incorporating copyrighted works are subject to the limitations noted below.
Time Limitations
Educators may use their educational multimedia projects created for educational purposes under for a period of up to two years after the first instructional use with a class. Use beyond that time period, even for educational purposes, requires permission for each copyrighted portion incorporated in the production.
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Portion Limitations
Portion limitations mean the amount of a copyrighted work that can reasonably be used in educational multimedia projects under these guidelines regardless of the original medium from which the copyrighted works are taken. In the aggregate it means the total amount of copyrighted material from a single copyrighted work that is permitted to be used in an educational multimedia project without permission under these guidelines. These limitations apply cumulatively to each educator's or student's multimedia project(s) for the same academic semester, cycle or term. All students should be instructed about the reasons for copyright protection and the need to follow these guidelines. It is understood, however, that students in kindergarten through grade six may not be able to adhere rigidly to the portion limitations in this section in their independent development of educational multimedia projects.
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Motion Media
Up to 10% or 3 minutes, whichever is less, in the aggregate of a copyrighted motion media work may be reproduced or otherwise incorporated as part of an educational multimedia project.
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Text Material
Up to 10%, or 1000 words, whichever is less, in the aggregate of a copyrighted work consisting of text material, may be reproduced or otherwise incorporated as part of an educational multimedia project. An entire poem of less than 250 words may be used, but no more than three poems by one poet, or five poems by different poets from any anthology may be used. For poems of greater length, 250 words may be used but no more than three excerpts by a poet, or five excerpts by different poets from a single anthology may be used.
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Music, Lyrics, and Music Video
Up to 10%, but in no event more than 30 seconds, of the music and lyrics from an individual musical work (or in the aggregate of extracts from an individual work), whether the musical work is embodied in copies or audio or audiovisual works, may be reproduced or otherwise incorporated as a part of a multimedia project. Any alterations to a musical work shall not change the basic melody or the fundamental character of the work.
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Illustrations and Photographs
The reproduction or incorporation of photographs and illustrations is more difficult to define with regard to fair use because fair use usually precludes the use of an entire work. Under these guidelines a photograph or illustration may be used in its entirety but no more than 5 images by an artist or photographer may be reproduced or otherwise incorporated as part of an educational multimedia project. When using photographs and illustrations from a published collective work, not more than 10% or 15 images, whichever is less, may be reproduced or otherwise incorporated as part of an educational multimedia.
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Numerical Data Sets
Up to 10% or 2500 fields or cell entries, whichever is less, from a copyrighted database or data table may be reproduced or otherwise incorporated as part of an educational multimedia project. A field entry is defined as a specific item of information, such as a name or Social Security number, in a record of a database file. A cell entry is defined as the intersection where a row and a column meet on a spreadsheet.
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Copying and Distribution Limitations
Only a limited number of copies, including the original, may be made of an educator's educational multimedia project. There may be no more than two 鈥渦se copies,鈥 only one of which may be placed on reserve.
An additional copy may be made for preservation purposes but may only be used or copied to replace a use copy that has been lost, stolen, or damaged. In the case of a jointly created educational multimedia project, each principal creator may retain one copy.
Typical Uses at 51福利社
The possibility of an intersection of the fair use of multimedia works with the TEACH Act exists.听 The bottom line of such use is that it is for educational purposes.听 Some typical examples at 51福利社 provide overall guidance.
PowerPoint Lecture:听 A faculty member may embed copyrighted graphics from a publisher in a PowerPoint Lecture.听 That lecture is posted on Canvas.听 Here the materials used were based on a publisher鈥檚 textbook being used in the online class.听 The PowerPoint is password protected and its use limited to just the course being taught that semester.听 The student downloads the PowerPoint lecture and uses it to take notes.听 The student is warned that he or she may not distribute copies of the PowerPoint lecture.
The key to the PowerPoints is that they are password protected.听 PowerPoints placed in the faculty folder on PC Common are not password protected and therefore available to the general public.听 This would be a violation of the copyright act.
Lecture Capture:听 A faculty member embeds copyrighted graphics from a publisher in a PowerPoint Lecture then makes a video of the lecture.听 The video is posted on听Canvas.听 Here the materials were used based on the publisher鈥檚 textbook being used in the online class.听 The PowerPoint is password protected and its use limited to just the course being taught that semester.听 The student downloads a podcast of that lecture.听 The student is warned that he or she may not distribute copies of the podcast.
Master Course Shell:听 A faculty member makes a master course shell that is the basis for all future courses within a discipline.听 The Master Course Shell is stored on a server that is password protected and not accessible to the students.